霍布斯与洛克的自然状态学说

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摘    要
     “自然状态”是近代西方政治学的理论基石，是近代西方政治哲学逻辑推演的前提。霍布斯和洛克的政治学说都是从自然状态假说开始的。但由于所处的时代不同，个人经历不同，因而各自对自然状态有着不同的理解。但二者在构想其自然状态时，都留下了自身不可克服的缺陷。二者从自然状态假说出发，论证了资产阶级“人生而平等”的观点，同时说明了国家的起源。两位思想家都力图把逻辑与历史统一起来，使自己的理论植根于历史之中，假托历史，增强理论的说服力。虽然出发点和目的一致，二人却描绘了两幅迥异的图景。本文力图于分析两种自然状态观的异同之处以及所导致的两种不同的契约学说，并分析导致这种差异的原因。本文可分为四个部分：
第一部分是分别描述霍布斯与洛克的自然状态，分析两种自然状态的特征和缺陷，以及导致这种缺陷的原因。
第二部分是比较两种自然状态的异同，力图通过对两种自然状态的深入分析得出其相同点和不同点。
第三部分是分析两种自然状态的分歧所导致的二者的理论分野。由于二者所描绘的自然状态不同，从而导致霍布斯和洛克所论证的政府的目的、形式以及缔结契约的内容都有很大差异。
第四部分是对二者自然状态学说的一个整体评价，不仅分析了二者自然状态的实质，还说明了导致这种自然状态不同的根本原因。
关键词   霍布斯 洛克 自然状态

Hobbes and Locker’s Ideas about Natural State
Abstract
“Natural State” is the theoritical foundation of the modern western political science , and the premise in the logical inference of the modern western political philosophy. Both Hobbes and Locker's political theory are starting from the Natural State hypothesis . However , because the time they lived in is different , the personal experience of them is different, thus they have a different understanding respective to the Natural State. But when they were devising their Natural State , they have left its own insurmountable flaw. The two embarked from the Natural State hypothesis, demonstrated the viewpoint of the bourgeoisie “born equal”,and indicated the origin of a country. The two thinkers are both try to unify the logic and the history , in order to take their theory rooted in history, by the history to strengthen the convincing of their theory . Although the starting point and the purpose are consistent, two people actually described two different prospects. This article tries hard to analysis the differences and similarities of this two kind viewpoint of Natural State,and the different contract theory which resulted from it ,at the same time ,show the reasons for this difference. The article would be divided into 4 points.
The first part is describes Hobbes and Locker's Natural State separately, analyzes its features and flaws ,as well as the reasons that lead to such flaws.
The second part is compare this two kind of Natural State , tries hard to show the differences and similarities of this two viewpoint of Natural State thorough analyses.
The third part analyzes the dividing line of Hobbes and Locker's political theory which caused by the differences of this two kind Natural State . Because the two  thinkers describe a different Natural State , thus the government's goal,form and the contents of the contracts which demonstrated by Hobbes and Locker are all different.
The fourth part is a overall appraisal to this two kind of Natural State theory , not only has analyzed the substance of this two Natural State , but also explained the basic reason that causes the differences of this two Natural State .
Key word:  Hobbes ； Locker ； Natural State

目   录
内容摘要 Ⅱ
ABSTRACT
引言 1
一、霍布斯与洛克的自然状态2
（一）霍布斯的自然状态2
（二）洛克的自然状态 3
二、两种自然状态的异同 5
（一）两种自然状态的相同之处 5
     1.霍布斯与洛克的自然状态都是假设的,都不是历史上真实存在过的事实5
     2.霍布斯与洛克的自然状态的终点都是缔结契约,形成公民社会5
     3.霍布斯与洛克的自然状态都有自然法的存在5
（二）两种自然状态的不同之处 6
     1.两种自然状态最根源的区别就在于霍布斯与洛克对人性的假设是不一样的6
     2两种自然状态的本质特征不同6
三、两种自然状态导致的理论分野 8
（一） 政府目的的不同 8
（二）政府形式的不同 8
（三）契约内容的不同 9
四、对霍布斯和洛克自然状态的评价 10
结论11
参考文献12
致谢13

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