在小鼠肾模型中,P-gp介导的肾近曲小管地高辛的分泌会被异搏定和奎尼丁抑制[23,24]。地高辛与奎尼丁合用时,地高辛的机体总清除率从(318.0±19.3)ml/h 降至(167.1±11.0)ml/h,肠清除率从(28.8±1.7)ml/h 降至(11.1±1.6)ml/h[25]。临床上异搏定和奎尼丁导致地高辛血浓度和毒性的增加,也许正是通过抑制P-gp而发生的。 综上所述,P-gp在内源、外源性底物的吸收、分布、代谢、排泄方面起着重要的作用;而P-gp对于药物体内过程、疾病治疗及临床疗效影响的确切机制是特殊的,也是复杂的。 4 小结与展望 1976年Juliano和 Ling第一次证实P-gp在多药耐药性肿瘤细胞中过度表达[26],现在人们已在多个领域对P-gp进行了研究,并在药物代谢、抗肿瘤、寄生虫及真菌治疗中的多药耐药性研究方面取得了一些进展;这些研究或许能够为将来彻底消除癌症治疗中的耐药性问题,解决好寄生虫与真菌的治疗问题奠定一些理论基础。但是,我们也应当看到目前还有许多问题亟待解决与证实。如P-gp对HIV感染者药物治疗的影响,对器官移植病人术后抗免疫排斥反应用药的影响以及P-gp与非口服、静脉途径吸收(经皮吸收)药物的作用机制等还不十分明确。因此,P-gp对药物体内过程影响的确切机制仍有待今后进一步研究完善。 【参考文献】 1 Gottesman MM, Pastan I. Biochemistry of multidrug resistance mediated by the multi drug transporter. Ann Rev Bio chem,1993, 62: 385-427. 2 Sarkadi B,Ozvegy-Laczka C,Nemet K, et al. ABCG2-a transporter for all seasons. FEBS Lett,2004, 567(1): 116-120. 3 Lockhart AC, Tirona RG,Kim RB. Pharmacogenetics of ATP-binding cassette transporters in cancer and chemotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther, 2003,2(7): 685-698. 4 Varadi A,Tusnady GE,Sarkadi B. ABC proteins: From Bacteria to Man. J Bio Chem, 2003, 22:37-46. 5 SV Ambudkar, MM Gottesman, CK Sarfaty,et al. P-glycoprotein: from genomics to mechanism. Oncogene, 2003, 22: 7468-7485. 6 Hrycyna CA, Ramachandra M, Gottesman MM, et al. Mechanism of Action of Human P-glycoprotein ATPase Activity. J Bio Chem, 1988, 273: 16631-16634. 7 Urbatsch IL, SamKaran B, Weber J, et al. P-glycoprotein Is Stably Inhibited by Vanadate-induced Trapping of Nucleotide at a Single Catalytic Site. J Bio chem, 1995, 270: 19383-19390. 8 Ambudlcar SV, Carderelli CO, Pashinsky I, et al. Relation Between the Turnover Number for Vinblastine Transport and for Vinblastine-stimulated ATP Hydrolysis by Human P-glycoprotein. J Bio Chem, 1997, 272: 21160-21165. 9 Agnes Lo, Pharm D. P-glycoprotein and Drug Therapy in Organ transplantation. J Clin Pharmacol, 1999, 39: 995-1005. 10 Fogo AT, Shen DW, Mickley LA, et al. Intrinsic drug resistance in human kidney cancer is associated with expression of a human multi drug-resistance gene. J Clin Oncol, 1987, 5: 1922-1927. 11 Johnson DR, Finch RA, Lin ZP, et al. The pharmacological phenotype of combined multi drug-resistance mdr1a/mdr1b-and mrp1-deficient mice. Cancer Res, 2001, 61: 1469-1476. 12 MV Relling. Are the major effects of P-glycoprotein modulators due to altered pharmacokinetics of anticancer drugs? Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 1996, 18: 350-356. 13 Sikic BI, Fisher GA, Lum BL, et al. Modulation and prevention of multi drug resistance by inhibitors of P-glycoprotein. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 1997, 40 (Suppl): S13-S19. 14 Rushing DA, Raber SR, Rodvold KA, et al. The effects of cyclosporine on the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin in patients with small cell lung cancer. Cancer, 1994, 74: 834-841. 15 Chang YL, Chou MH, Lin MF, et al. Effect of cyclosporine a P-glycoprotein inhibitor on the pharmacokinetics of cefepime in rat blood and brain: a micro dialysis study. Life Sci, 2001, 69 (2):191. 16 Schuetz EG, Schinkel AH, Relling MV, et al. P-glycoprotein: a major determinant of rifampicin-inducible expression of cytochrome P4503A in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1996, 93: 4001-4005. 17 Atsushi Sakata. In vivo evidence for ATP-dependent and p-glycoprotein mediated transport of cyclosporin at the blood-brain barrier. Biochemical pharmacology, 1994, 48(10): 1989-1992. 18 Schinkel AH, Wagenaar E. Absence of the mdr a P-glycoprotein in mice affects tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone, digoxin and cyclosporin A. J Clin Invest, 1995, 96(4): 1698-1705. 19 De Lange EC, Marchand S, Van Den Berg D, et al. In vitro and in vivo investigations on fluoroquinolones effects of the P-glycoprotein efflux transporter on brain distribution of sparfloxacin.Eur J Pharm Sci, 2000, 12(2): 85. 20 Wacher VJ, Wu CY, Benet LZ. Overlapping substrate specificity and tissue distribution of cytochrome P4503A and P-glycoprotein: implications for drug delivery and activity in cancer chemotherapy. Mol Carcinog, 1995, 13: 129-134. 21 Slaughter RL, Edwards DJ. Recent advances: the cytochrome P- 450 enzymes. Ann Pharmacother, 1995, 29: 619-624. 22 Schuetz EG, Beck WT, Schuetz JD. Modulators and substrates of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P4503A coordinately up-regulate these proteins in human colon carcinoma cells. Mol Pharmacol, 1996, 49: 311-318. 23 Lum BL, Gosland MP. MDR expression in normal tissues: pharmacological implications for the clinical use of P-glycoprotein inhibitors. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am, 1995, 9: 319-336. 24 Hori R, Okamura N, Aiba T, et al. Role of P-glycoprotein in renal tubular secretion of digoxin in the isolated perfused rat kidney. J Pharmacol Exp Ther,1993,266:1620-1625. 25 Su S, Huang J. Inhibition of the intestinal digoxin absorption and exsorption by quinidine.Drug Metab Dispos, 1996, 24(2): 142. 26 KW Scotto. Transcriptional regulation of ABC drug transporters. O
