论我国刑法分则中暴力的内涵

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摘   要
     刑法中的暴力是法定的、针对被害人人身或者财物犯罪时实施的一种有形的能引起物质性后果的作用力，并且这种作用力在客观上对刑法所保护的社会关系造成了危害。
按照不同的标准，对暴力可以有不同的分类，以暴力的对象作为标准可以分为对人的暴力和对物的暴力；按照暴力的程度，可以将暴力分为最广义的暴力、广义的暴力、狭义的暴力、最狭义的暴力；另外还可以根据其他标准来对暴力进行分类，比如暴力的表现形式等等。
关于暴力的对象,刑法中规定，犯罪对象就是犯罪行为所作用的人和物，犯罪客体通过犯罪对象表现出来，人作为犯罪对象是社会关系的参与者，物作为犯罪对象则可以看作社会关系的物质载体，侵犯人身权利的暴力行为也可以通过对物的物理作用来表现出来，因而物也可以作为暴力的对象；暴力在主观上是故意的，并且表现为出于某种目的，为了排除当事人的反抗而使用各种人身强制方法，它与胁迫最大的区别就在于，胁迫只是恐吓被害人，是对其进行精神强制，暴力则是对被害人进行人身强制。
由于各种犯罪自身的特殊性质，虽然多数犯罪在条款都规定暴力为构成要件但是对其在程度上的要求却有很大的差别，对暴力程度的研究也是研究暴力一个核心问题，对暴力程度的研究一般只是对暴力的上限及下限进行研究。对于暴力的下限，不同的犯罪对暴力下线的要求也不同，如：武装叛乱罪，暴乱罪中，犯罪的成立不需要产生任何有形的危害或对他人的人身强制，这一类暴力不存在下限，一旦作出行为就构成暴力，而强制威胁妇女罪中，只要行为人的行为足以抑制被害人行动自由就构成了暴力；对于暴力的上限，也没有统一的标准，在实践中对某些犯罪的暴力上限并没有要求。在各种具体的犯罪中关于暴力的认定方法也不尽相同。
对犯罪中暴力的认定有很大的意义，首先暴力是某些犯罪成立的必备条件；其次，暴力是某些罪名的结果加重情形之一；再次，暴力的程度不同构成的犯罪也不同。

关键词：暴力特征，暴力对象，暴力分类，暴力程度

Abstract
Violence in the criminal law is statutory, for personal or property crime victims when the implementation of a tangible material consequences can lead to the force, and the objective of this force on the protection of the criminal law against social relations.
According to different standards, the violence can have different classification, the use of violence as the object of the standard can be divided into the violence and of violence in accordance with the level of violence, violence can be divided into the most generalized violence, generalized violence , The narrow sense of violence, the most narrow of violence; can also be based on other criteria to classify the violence, such as the manifestations of violence, and so on.
On the subject of violence, criminal law, crime is targeted by the criminal acts and the role of crime by criminal targets of the object shown, as a criminal who is the object of the participants in social relations, the object of a crime can be seen as social relations The material carriers,be infringedPersonal rightsLee acts of violence can also be passed on the role of the physical demonstrated, as a result of violence can also be the target; violence in the subjective is intentional and, for some performance for the purpose, in order to exclude The parties against the use of physical force and methods, it is the greatest stress the distinction is that stress only the victims of intimidation, its spirit is mandatory, violence is on the victims of physical force.
For a variety of the special nature of their crime, although the majority of crime in terms provide for a violent elements in its extent, but the request has great difference, the study of the level of violence is a core issue on violence, on the level of violence Research on violence in general is only the ceiling and floor for research. For the lower end of violence, different crime of violence off the assembly line have different requirements, such as: the crime of armed rebellion, violence crimes, the crime does not require the establishment of any physical harm to others or physical coercion, this type of violence does not exist Lower limit, once to constitute the act of violence, threats and coercive women in the crime, as long as the perpetrator of the act to inhibit freedom of action constitute the victims of violence; violence for the ceiling, and no uniform standard, in practice for certain crimes Violence does not require the ceiling. In the specific crime of violence found on the methods vary.
In the violence of the crime that has very great significance, first of all violent crime is certain to set up the necessary conditions; Secondly, the violence is the result of some counts one aggravating circumstance; again, the level of violence different components of the crime are also different.

Keywords：Characteristics of violence ，Targets of violence ，Category violence ，The

目  录
摘要 ......................................................III
Abstract ..................................................IV
前言 ......................................................1
一、暴力的内容............................................ 1
（一）暴力的分类 ..........................................1
1．最广义的暴力 ...........................................1
2．广义的暴力 .............................................2
3．狭义的暴力 .............................................2
4．最狭义的暴力........................................... 2
（二）暴力的对象.......................................... 3
（三）暴力与胁迫的区别.................................... 4
（四）暴力的主观特征 ......................................5
二、暴力的程度............................................ 6
（一）暴力的下限 ..........................................6
（二）暴力的上限 ..........................................7
三、具体刑法分则里的部分犯罪中关于暴力的认定 ..............7
（一）抢劫罪中的暴力 ......................................7
（二）强迫交易罪中的暴力 ..................................8
（三）暴力危及飞行安全罪中的暴力.......................... 8
（四）暴力劫持航空器罪中的暴力 ............................9
（五）强奸罪中的暴力...................................... 9
四、认定暴力内涵的重要意义................................ 9
（一）暴力是某些犯罪成立的必备条件........................ 9
（二）暴力是某些罪名的结果加重情形之一................... 10
(三)暴力的程度不同构成的犯罪也不同....................... 10
结语 .....................................................11
参考文献................................................. 12
致  谢 ...................................................13

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