西方自然法的演变与发展

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摘要
西方的自然法思想历经两千多年的发展经久不衰，并一直是西方政治法律思想的核心，自在古希腊城邦时期发源以后几经嬗变，经历了自然主义自然法时期、神学主义自然法时期、古典主义自然法时期、新自然法时期等几个阶段，成为人类历史上最重要的法律思想。考察自然法不同阶段的思想内容，发现其内涵与外延时伸时缩，难以明确的定义，其发展至今所经历的几种不同形态都赋予了自然法不同的内涵，即便是同一时期的思想家对自然法的定义有时也是大相径庭。但不管怎么变动，追求正义与理性、理想与道德、自由与平等的核心价值观念上，始终具有连续性。虽然由于时代所限，自然法学家们对正义、道德、自由的内涵所作的解释不尽相同，但自然法的理念、自然法的基本主旨以及自然法本身所蕴含的理性主义精神仍然是一脉相承的。
关键词：自然法  理性  正义

Abstract
The west concept of natural law gets through durable not decline of two thousand development many years, and be always west politics law thought core, the origination is almost changed into the unrestrained ancient Greece city-state period as a result of changing hereafter, have experienced several stage such as natural naturalism law period , natural theology doctrine law period , natural classicism law period , new natural law period, become the most important human being law in history thought. Content inspecting the thought being unlike a stage, connotation and extension discovering natural law hold up and shrink intermittently , the boundary is blurred , are difficult to definitely definition, the person develops so far what be experienced several kinds different forms having given natural follow different connotation to, even if the thinker who is scheduled time with a period of time is also to be very unlike to natural law definition sometimes. Go ahead but freely with reason , ideal and morality, with equal core values disregarding why changes , runs after justice , have a continuity all the time. Though because of what times is limited,that natural jurists follow rationalism spirit contained by self to the idea , fundamental natural law gist and natural world being unable to make an explanation identical, but natural law completely assumed by justice , morality , free connotation still is to be a true disciple of.
key words: Natural law；  Rationality ； Justice
目    录
摘  要……………………………………………………………Ⅱ
Abstract…………………………………………………………Ⅲ
引  言……………………………………………………………1
一、自然理性的萌芽-自然法的兴起……………………………2
  （一）古希腊的自然法—从神到人的转变…………………………2
  （二）城邦政治时期的自然法………………………………………2
         1.自然法的兴起…………………………………………………………2
         2.自然法在城邦政治时期的发展………………………………………2
  （三）古代自然法的巅峰与衰落……………………………………3
二、神学的外衣-经院的神学自然法……………………………5
三、启蒙时代的觉醒-古典自然法………………………………7
  （一）理性主义的建立………………………………………………7
         1.古典自然法产生的历史背景…………………………………………7
         2.理性主义对自然法的影响……………………………………………7
  （二）以理性为核心的法律体系结构………………………………8
四、自然法学的复苏-新自然法学………………………………10
五、自然法何以长盛不衰………………………………………11
  （一）古希腊、罗马以来的民主和法治传统具有连续性………11
  （二）自然法所表现的正义、理想和道德的追求具有连续性…11
  （三）自然法蕴涵丰富的理性精神,使之具有连续性……………12
结语………………………………………………………………13
参考文献 …………………………………………………………14
致 谢………………………………………………………………15

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