《刑法修正案（八）》的死刑适用问题研究

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《刑法修正案（八）》的死刑适用问题研究      作者：堵德成
摘要
 全国人大最新出台的《刑法修正案（八）》，取消了13项故意犯罪的死刑，并制定了“75岁以上老人故意犯罪不适用死刑”的先决条件，同时做出了对死缓犯限制减刑的规定，某些法学权威称刑法的修改体现了我国法制的人道化趋向，并以此呼吁取消一切贪官污吏职务经济犯罪的死刑，此举立刻引发了国人的热议，也引发了我国法学界不同观点的激烈争论，主张废除死刑的一派认为，刑法的此次修正确保了国内人权运作，是我国法制的进步；主张保留死刑的一派认为，废除犯罪分子的死刑，削弱了我们的人民民主专政制度的威力，动了我国刑法之根本，无法对犯罪分子做到罪刑相适应，也不能体现法制公平和公民在“适用法律面前人人平等”的原则。
 本文通过对《刑法修正案（八）》的全面分析，认为“75岁以上老人故意犯罪不适用死刑”的修正条款与刑法总则的规定不符，损害了刑法的罪刑相适应原则，人为地制造了法律的不平等；死缓限制减刑的修正条款只是限制而不是禁止，实质上丢卒保车，为贪官污吏们“保外就医”和司法腐败留了后门。本文针对《刑法修正案（八）》关于对犯罪分子“轻刑化”的观点以及有关废除死刑适用的修改条款进行了深入细致的探讨，找出了该法律文本修正内容的相关问题，指出了修正案有关罪刑法定原则的法律漏洞和罪刑相适应原则的法律缺失，并根据我国的国情和社会现状，阐述了我国国民的素质标准低下、公民的道德观念缺失、社会风气败坏、官场腐败成风、治安案件高发、群体事件多发、重特大刑事案件层出不穷等一系列社会现象与问题，认真分析了我国刑事犯罪案件逐年呈上升状态的症结所在，全面揭示了我国法律软弱无能的根本原因，提出了人民民主专政的新思路、新观点，论述了刑法在打击犯罪、保护人民的工作中所担负的具体任务和重要功能，讲述了死刑的适用在震慑犯罪、遏制犯罪的斗争中所发挥的必不可少的作用，同时发表了完善我国刑法的个人观点，即摒弃西方的人权观念，强化我国的死刑适用，认真执行死刑；取消“75岁老人故意犯罪不适用死刑”的错误规定，最大限度实现公民在法律面前人人平等，而非公民在“适用法律面前”有区别性的实现平等；改革我国的刑期制度，真正开放性地放宽刑期的适用，以做到“犯罪分子所犯之罪与所处之刑相适应”；规范死缓犯限制减刑的条件，确定死缓犯限制减刑的标准；保留死刑，合理有效地使用死刑，让正义的枪声响起，用更加严厉有效的手段惩罚犯罪，以巩固我国人民民主专政的政权和社会主义政治制度，实现国家的稳定、社会的安宁和经济的持续发展。

关键词；《刑法修正案（八）》；死刑适用；法律研究；制度完善
Research about death penalty’s application problem of Criminal Law Amendment (Eight)
Abstract

 The latest Criminal Law Amendment (Eight) unveiled by National People’s Congress (NPC) has cancelled 13 death penalties of calculated crime and made the prerequisite that death penalty is not applicable to the old above 75 who make calculated crimes, and made the rule of limiting abatement from penalty to the convict sentenced to death with reprieve. Some academic authorities in law professed that the modification of Criminal Law reflected the humanitarian trend of our country’s legal system, and on this account appealed to cancel death penalty of all functionary economic crimes committed by malfeasants, which caused countrymen’s hot argument and fireworks among different viewpoints in our country’s legal circle. The faction claiming to abolish death penalty considered that the modification of Criminal Law this time protected the civil human rights operation and was a progress of our country’s legal system, whereas the faction claiming to reserve death penalty argued that the repeal of criminal’ death penalty weakened the power of our democratic dictatorship institution, shook the foundation of our country’s Criminal Law, and was unable to make suiting punishment to crime to the criminals and reflect the legal fair as well as the principle that all people are equal before the law.
 Through multianalysis to Criminal Law Amendment (Eight), the writer considers that the amending clause that death penalty is not applicable to the old above 75 who make calculated crimes is inconsistent with the rule of Criminal Law’s general principles, damages the principle of suiting punishment to crime and makes the law’s inequality factitiously. The amending clause of limiting abatement from penalty is only restriction but not prohibition, virtually sacrifices minor things to save major ones, and retains the back door for malfeasants’ compassionate release and judicatory corruption. This paper proceeded a thorough discussion contraposing the viewpoint of mitigation of punishment on criminals and the amending clause of abolishing death penalty application in Criminal Law Amendment (Eight), found out the relevant problems of the amended content in this legal texts, and pointed out the legal loophole of the amendment about the principle of a legally prescribed punishment for a specified crime as well as the legal imperfection of the principle of suiting punishment to crime. According to the national conditions and current social situation of our country, this paper expounded a series of social phenomenon and problems, such as our country’s low quality standard of national, moral idea deficiency of citizens, corrupted social morality, common officialdom corruption, high incidence of public security cases and mass incidents, endless extraordinarily criminal cases, etc.
 This paper analyzed seriously the crucial reason for increasing criminal crime cases year by year in our country, proposed novel thinking and viewpoint of people’s democratic dictatorship, discussed the specific mission and important function of Criminal Law in hitting crime and protecting people, described the indispensible effects of death penalty in the fight of awing and suppressing crime. Meanwhile, we announced the personal viewpoints for perfecting our country’s Criminal Law. First, abandon the human rights concept of western world, strengthen our country’s application of death penalty and execute death penalty seriously. Second, cancel the false provision that death penalty is not applicable to the old above 75 who make calculated crimes to achieve that all citizens are equal before the law with maximum limit, not that citizens are equal with difference before the Applicable Law. Third, reform our country’s prison term institution and indeed relax the application of prison term openly, to achieve that the crime committed by criminal is suitable to the punishment sentenced. Forth, regulate the conditions of limiting abatement from penalty to the convict sentenced to death with reprieve and confirm the standard of limiting abatement from penalty to the convict sentenced to death with reprieve. Fifth, reserve death penalty and use death penalty reasonably and effectively, let just gunfire ring out and punish crimes with more severe and effective methods to maintain our country’s political power of democratic dictatorship and socialism political system, to fulfill national stability, social peace and economic sustainable development.

Key words: Criminal Law Amendment (Eight), death penalty’s application, legal research, institutional perfection

目录
摘要 1
Abstract 2
一、前言 5
（一）研究的背景 5
（二）研究的意义 6
（三）试图解决的法律问题 6
二、《刑法修正案（八）》死刑修改的问题研究 7
（一）《刑法修正案（八）》死刑修改法条概述 7
（二）《刑法修正案（八）》死刑适用的法律问题 9
三、《刑法修正案（八）》不同观点的社会调查 14
（一）我国的社会现状调查 14
（二）《刑法修正案（八）》与我国的社会评论 22
四、《刑法修正案（八）》与我国的制度研究 27
（一）《刑法修正案（八）》与我国政治制度 27
（二）《刑法修正案（八）》与我国的经济发展 30
五、《刑法修正案（八）》死刑适用的修正完善 33
（一）取消75周岁以上老人不宜判处死刑的规定 33
（二）明确“死缓限制减刑”的条件标准 34
（三）保留死刑，保持刑法对犯罪分子的威慑力 36
（四）执行死刑，让正义的枪声响起，确保社会稳定 38
结论 40
参考文献 42

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