改良与革命：对1905年影响中国几件历史大事的反思

历史学文档编号:LS139  文档字数:15226,页数:19
改良与革命：对1905年影响中国几件历史大事的反思

摘要
 1905年对中国来说是个风云变幻的一年。一方面，清政府为挽救其政权在进行最后的抉择，政治上铁路国有政策出台、五大臣出洋考察宪政，军事上北洋新军六镇建成，文化教育上废除科举制度，大办新式学校；另一方面，资产阶级革命派在奋斗中逐渐成长起来，中国同盟会的成立，与保皇派的激烈论战，使他们朝民主共和更近了一步；同时，国际上日俄战争的影响与收回利权运动的民众斗争使中国的民族主义高涨。这一系列事件串联在一起就展现出一个事实，即：无论是宪政改良，还是共和革命，都说明中国社会的全面改革在当时已成为历史不可逆转的潮流。同时，新政虽失败，但其中的经验和教训仍值得我们借鉴；革命虽成功，但其中存在的不合理性更值得我们思考。
 
 关键词：1905年，改良，革命，社会转型，反思

Reform and Revolution: Reflections on a Few Historical Events that Affected China in 1905

Abstract
 It is a changeable year for China in 1905, on the one hand, the Qing government was in the final choice to save its regime: the state-owned railway policy was issued and the mission of the five ministers’ going abroad for the study of constitutionalism was made; the six military towns for the Northern Warlords Government’s New Army was built; the Imperial Examination System was abolished and the new education was set up. On the other hand, the bourgeois revolutionaries had grown up gradually through struggle. The foundation of the Revolutionary Alliance and the intense debate against the Royalists helped them move a step closer to democratic republic. At the same time, the international Russo-Japanese War and the withdrawal of the Interest and Power Campaign raised the Chinese people’s nationalism. This series of events together showed a fact that: either the reform of constitutional government or republic revolution, all this shows that a comprehensive reform of the Chinese society had become an irreversible trend of history at that time. Meanwhile, although the reform failed, it taught us a good lesson that merits our consideration. While succeeded the revolution, its unreasonableness still worthy of consideration.

 Keywords:1905, reform, revolution, social transformation, reflections
 
 
目录 
前言 1
一、改良——清政府最后的选择 1
 （一）铁路的建设两难选择：商办？还是国有 1
 （二）五大臣出洋考察 2
 （三）科举制度的废除 4
 （四）北洋新军六镇建成 6
二、革命——在奋斗中崛起 7
 （一）中国同盟会成立 7
 （二）革命派与保皇派论战 9
三、国际事件和民众运动的影响 10
 （一）日俄战争 10
 （二）收回利权运动斗争 12
四、历史的反思 13
致谢 14
参考文献 14

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